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Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a serious complication of advanced liver disease. It occurs when blood vessels in the lungs dilate, creating abnormal pathways that reduce oxygen exchange. How it affects the body Dilated vessels cause blood to bypass normal gas exchange, leading to low blood oxygen (hypoxemia). This worsens the prognosis of liver disease and increases the risk of mortality. Causes HPS often develops in patients with cirrhosis, portal hypertension, or chronic liver inflammation. Symptoms Shortness of breath, especially when standing (platypnea). Cyanosis: Bluish lips, nails, or skin due to low oxygen. Orthodeoxia: Drop in oxygen when moving from lying to standing. Fatigue and rounded fingertips (clubbing). Early stages may be asymptomatic. Treatment Liver transplantation is the primary effective treatment.

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Prescription drug abuse—also called prescription drug misuse—means using a prescription medicine in a way not intended by the prescriber. This can range from taking someone else’s painkiller to crushing, snorting or injecting pills to get high. Misuse can become ongoing and compulsive despite harmful consequences. Prescription drug abuse affects all ages, including teens. The most commonly misused drugs are opioid painkillers, anti-anxiety medicines and sedatives, and stimulants. Early recognition and intervention can prevent misuse from progressing to addiction. Commonly misused prescription drugs Opioids (e.g., oxycodone, hydrocodone) Anti-anxiety medicines and sedatives (e.g., alprazolam, diazepam, zolpidem) Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamines) Signs and symptoms Opioids: constipation, nausea, drowsiness, slowed breathing, confusion, poor coordination, increased tolerance Sedatives: drowsiness, slurred speech, poor memory, unsteady walking, slowed breathing Stimulants: agitation, insomnia, high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, anxiety, paranoia Other warning signs: taking higher doses than prescribed, early refill requests, “losing” prescriptions, mood swings, poor decisions, seeking prescriptions from multiple doctors. When to see a doctor If you’re concerned about your prescription drug use, talk to a healthcare professional early. They are trained to help, not judge. Causes and risk factors People may misuse prescription drugs to relieve pain or stress, improve performance, feel high, or avoid withdrawal. Risk factors include a personal or family history of addiction, mental health conditions, peer pressure, easy access to medications, and lack of awareness of risks. Older adults are also at risk, especially when mixing medicines with alcohol. Complications Prescription drug abuse can lead to overdose, coma or death; heart problems; seizures; addiction; accidents; legal trouble; and relationship or work problems. Prevention Take medicines only as prescribed and follow directions carefully. Check in regularly with your healthcare provider. Never use someone else’s prescription. Avoid mixing medicines with alcohol unless approved. Store medications securely and dispose of unused drugs properly. For teens: talk openly about risks, set clear rules, monitor medications at home, discourage online drug purchases, and stress the dangers of mixing drugs with alcohol.