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What Is a Brain Aneurysm? A brain aneurysm, also called a cerebral aneurysm, is a bulge or balloon-like swelling that forms in a weakened area of an artery in the brain. Over time, pressure from blood flow can cause this weakened section of the vessel wall to expand. Brain aneurysms vary in size and risk. Many never cause symptoms, while others can rupture and become life-threatening. Types of Brain Aneurysms Unruptured Brain Aneurysm Most brain aneurysms do not rupture. Many remain undetected for years and cause no symptoms unless they grow large enough to press on nearby nerves or brain tissue. Ruptured Brain Aneurysm In a smaller number of cases, an aneurysm can rupture, leading to bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). This is a medical emergency and can result in permanent brain damage or death. The risk of rupture is higher in women and people over 40 years of age. Symptoms of a Brain Aneurysm Symptoms of an Unruptured Brain Aneurysm Most unruptured aneurysms cause no symptoms. However, if an aneurysm enlarges and compresses nearby structures, symptoms may include: Sudden changes in vision (blurred, double vision, or vision loss) Pain above or behind one eye Dilated pupil(s) Drooping eyelid Weakness or paralysis on one side of the face Difficulty speaking Symptoms of a Ruptured Brain Aneurysm The hallmark symptom of a ruptured aneurysm is a sudden, severe headache, often described as the “worst headache of my life” (also known as a thunderclap headache). Other symptoms may include: Nausea and vomiting Sensitivity to light Neck stiffness or pain Seizures Confusion or disorientation Loss of consciousness or brief blackouts 🚨 Seek immediate medical attention if these symptoms occur. A persistent headache lasting days or weeks may also indicate a leaking aneurysm and should be urgently evaluated. What Causes a Brain Aneurysm? Brain aneurysms develop due to a weakened or defective artery wall, although the exact cause is not always known. Contributing factors may include: Degenerative changes related to aging High blood pressure Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries due to fatty deposits) Aneurysms most commonly form in large arteries at the base of the brain or at branching points where vessel walls are naturally weaker. Risk Factors for Brain Aneurysms Several factors increase the likelihood of developing a brain aneurysm: Family history (especially first-degree relatives) Genetic connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome Congenital conditions, including polycystic kidney disease, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and coarctation of the aorta High blood pressure (hypertension) Smoking Excessive alcohol consumption Drug use, particularly cocaine Severe head injury Certain infections (rare, but can cause mycotic aneurysms) Increasing age, especially over 40 Female gender Complications and Related Conditions An unruptured aneurysm can increase pressure inside the skull. If rupture occurs, bleeding disrupts normal blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain, potentially leading to: Hemorrhagic stroke Permanent brain damage Coma Death Other serious complications include: Re-bleeding, causing further brain injury Vasospasm, narrowing blood vessels and increasing stroke risk Hydrocephalus, a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid causing pressure on the brain Hyponatremia, dangerous sodium imbalance leading to brain swelling Seizures, due to electrical disturbances in the brain Can Brain Aneurysms Be Prevented? There is no guaranteed way to prevent brain aneurysms. However, the risk can be reduced through healthy lifestyle choices: Quit smoking Avoid recreational drugs Control high blood pressure Limit alcohol and caffeine intake Maintain a balanced, low-salt diet Exercise regularly Maintain a healthy weight

What Is a Subarachnoid Haemorrhage? A subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a serious and potentially life-threatening type of haemorrhagic stroke. It occurs when bleeding develops in the subarachnoid space—the area between the brain and the thin protective membranes (meninges) that cover it. This space normally contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord. When bleeding occurs in this area, it can rapidly increase pressure inside the skull, damage brain tissue, and disrupt normal brain function. Subarachnoid haemorrhage is a medical emergency and requires immediate diagnosis and treatment. Difference Between Subarachnoid Haemorrhage and Subdural Haematoma Although both conditions involve bleeding inside the skull, they occur in different locations: Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH): Bleeding occurs in the subarachnoid space, between the brain and the membranes covering it. Subdural haematoma: Bleeding occurs between the dura mater (the outermost membrane) and the arachnoid membrane. These differences are important because they affect symptoms, causes, and treatment approaches. Symptoms of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Symptoms usually appear suddenly and are often severe. Common signs include: Sudden, intense headache often described as a “thunderclap headache” Nausea and vomiting Stiff neck due to irritation of the meninges Sensitivity to light (photophobia) Blurred or double vision Loss of consciousness, ranging from brief fainting to coma Seizures Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty thinking clearly Any sudden severe headache should be treated as a medical emergency. Causes of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Primary Causes Ruptured cerebral aneurysm: The most common cause; occurs when a weakened blood vessel bulges and bursts Head trauma: Due to falls, road traffic accidents, or direct blows to the head Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs): Abnormal tangles of blood vessels that are prone to rupture Contributing Risk Factors Blood clotting disorders Use of blood-thinning medications Chronic high blood pressure (hypertension), which weakens blood vessels over time Complications and Related Conditions Subarachnoid haemorrhage can result in severe short- and long-term complications, including: Re-bleeding, particularly in the early period after the initial haemorrhage Cerebral vasospasm, where brain blood vessels narrow and restrict blood flow Hydrocephalus, an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid that may require surgical drainage Seizure disorders Long-term disability, including paralysis, speech difficulties, memory loss, and emotional or behavioural changes The severity of complications depends on the extent and location of the bleeding and how quickly treatment is initiated. How Can Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Be Prevented? While not all cases are preventable, reducing risk factors can significantly lower the likelihood of a subarachnoid haemorrhage: Regular monitoring and control of high blood pressure Maintaining a healthy, balanced diet low in saturated and trans fats Engaging in regular physical activity Avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption Proper management of chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease Routine medical check-ups and screenings, especially for individuals with a family history of aneurysms