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Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease where the immune system attacks liver cells. This causes inflammation and can gradually damage liver function. How it affects the body The liver becomes inflamed, which may disrupt digestion, metabolism, and detoxification. Damage can progress slowly and may remain unnoticed at first. Symptoms Fatigue and weakness. Right upper abdominal pain. Loss of appetite, nausea, and jaundice. Joint pain and skin rashes. Some people may have no symptoms initially. Causes Combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. Diagnosis Blood tests, liver function tests, and autoimmune markers help confirm the disease. Other liver disorders, such as primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis, must be ruled out.

Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a serious complication of advanced liver disease. It occurs when blood vessels in the lungs dilate, creating abnormal pathways that reduce oxygen exchange. How it affects the body Dilated vessels cause blood to bypass normal gas exchange, leading to low blood oxygen (hypoxemia). This worsens the prognosis of liver disease and increases the risk of mortality. Causes HPS often develops in patients with cirrhosis, portal hypertension, or chronic liver inflammation. Symptoms Shortness of breath, especially when standing (platypnea). Cyanosis: Bluish lips, nails, or skin due to low oxygen. Orthodeoxia: Drop in oxygen when moving from lying to standing. Fatigue and rounded fingertips (clubbing). Early stages may be asymptomatic. Treatment Liver transplantation is the primary effective treatment.

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