Fatty liver disease (MASLD)

Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)—formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—is a liver condition linked to metabolic risk factors such as overweight or obesity, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. In MASLD, excess fat accumulates in the liver. MASLD has become increasingly common worldwide, particularly in Middle Eastern and Western countries, in parallel with rising obesity rates. It is now the most common liver disease globally. Spectrum of disease MASLD exists on a spectrum: Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver): Fat buildup in the liver with little or no inflammation. Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH) (formerly NASH): A more severe form involving inflammation and liver cell injury. Complications In MASH, the liver may become enlarged (hepatomegaly) and progressively damaged. Over time, this can lead to: Fibrosis (scarring) Cirrhosis Liver failure Liver cancer The pattern of liver injury in MASH can resemble damage seen with heavy alcohol use, even though alcohol is not the cause. Prognosis Life expectancy varies depending on whether a person has MASLD or the more advanced MASH. Key factors that influence outcomes include: The degree of liver scarring Presence of other metabolic conditions Overall cardiovascular health Early diagnosis and management of metabolic risk factors—through lifestyle changes and appropriate medical care—can slow or even reverse disease progression in many people.