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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks the myelin sheath, the protective layer around nerve cells in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. Myelin works like insulation on electrical wires, helping signals travel smoothly. When damaged, nerve communication slows or breaks down. Symptoms MS symptoms can vary but often include fatigue, vision problems, muscle weakness, and difficulty with coordination or balance. Some people may also experience numbness, tingling, or problems with memory and concentration. Causes The exact cause is unknown. It is linked to a malfunction in the immune system where it mistakenly targets healthy tissue. Risk factors Risk may be higher in people with a family history of MS. Other factors include low vitamin D, smoking, certain infections, and being female. What to do There is no cure, but treatment can manage symptoms and slow progression. Early medical care improves quality of life and long-term outcomes.

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening condition where the liver quickly loses its function. It usually occurs in people without prior liver disease and requires immediate medical care. How it affects the body The liver sustains severe damage and cannot perform essential functions. This can lead to confusion, bleeding problems, and other serious complications. Common causes Acetaminophen overdose, often accidental. Viral hepatitis, such as Hepatitis A or E. Toxins from herbal products, mushrooms, or chemicals. Autoimmune hepatitis, where the immune system attacks the liver. Wilson’s disease, a genetic disorder causing copper buildup. Key symptoms Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes. Hepatic encephalopathy: Confusion or altered mental state. Bleeding and bruising due to impaired clotting. Nausea, abdominal discomfort, and loss of appetite. Fatigue and general weakness.

Cerebrovascular Diseases