Toxic hepatitis

Toxic hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by exposure to harmful substances, such as alcohol, medications, chemicals, or herbal/nutritional supplements. It may develop within hours or days after exposure, or after months of repeated contact. Symptoms often improve once the toxin is stopped, but severe cases can lead to cirrhosis or life-threatening liver failure. Symptoms Mild cases may have no symptoms and are found on blood tests. When present, symptoms include: Jaundice (yellowing of skin/eyes) Itching Pain in the upper right abdomen Fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Fever or rash Weight loss Dark (tea-colored) urine Emergency: Suspected acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose requires immediate medical care—do not wait for symptoms. Causes Alcohol (long-term heavy use) Over-the-counter pain relievers (acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen), especially in high doses or with alcohol Prescription drugs (e.g., statins, certain antibiotics, antivirals, steroids) Herbs & supplements (e.g., aloe vera, black cohosh, kava, ephedra) Industrial chemicals (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride, paraquat) The liver breaks down toxins, but byproducts can damage liver cells—repeated exposure increases harm. Risk Factors Existing liver disease or viral hepatitis Older age Female sex (slower toxin metabolism for some substances) Certain genetic enzyme differences Complications Cirrhosis (permanent scarring) Acute or chronic liver failure Liver transplant may be required in severe cases Prevention Use medicines only as directed; avoid unnecessary use Never mix alcohol with acetaminophen; ask about other drugs Be cautious with herbs/supplements—discuss risks with a professional Use protective measures when handling chemicals Keep medicines and chemicals out of children’s reach Bottom line: Toxic hepatitis is often preventable. Early recognition and stopping the offending substance can protect the liver and prevent serious complications.