Gilbert syndrome
Gilbert syndrome is a common, harmless genetic liver condition in which the liver does not process bilirubin efficiently. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed when red blood cells break down. Because the liver enzyme responsible for clearing bilirubin works less effectively, bilirubin levels can rise slightly in the blood. Gilbert syndrome is inherited and usually discovered by chance during routine blood tests. It does not require treatment and does not cause liver damage or serious health problems. Symptoms Most people have no symptoms. When symptoms occur, the most common is: Mild jaundice (yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes) Bilirubin levels — and jaundice — may increase during: Illness (cold, flu) Fasting or very low-calorie diets Dehydration Menstruation Strenuous exercise Stress Causes Gilbert syndrome is caused by an inherited change in a gene that controls an enzyme needed to break down bilirubin in the liver. Because less of this enzyme is produced, bilirubin is cleared more slowly and builds up slightly in the blood. To develop Gilbert syndrome, a person usually inherits two altered copies of the gene (one from each parent). Risk factors Both parents carry the altered gene Male sex Puberty or later life (when bilirubin production increases) Complications Gilbert syndrome is benign, but it can: Increase side effects from certain medications, especially: Irinotecan (chemotherapy) Some HIV protease inhibitors Slightly increase the risk of gallstones if other blood cell disorders are present Always inform your healthcare provider if you have Gilbert syndrome before starting new medications. When to see a doctor See a healthcare professional if you notice persistent or unexplained jaundice, as jaundice has many possible causes. Key takeaway Gilbert syndrome is not a disease, does not shorten life expectancy, and usually has no impact on daily life. It simply means your body handles bilirubin a little differently.
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