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A condition in which the bone marrow ceases to produce sufficient new blood cells

Prescription drug abuse—also called prescription drug misuse—means using a prescription medicine in a way not intended by the prescriber. This can range from taking someone else’s painkiller to crushing, snorting or injecting pills to get high. Misuse can become ongoing and compulsive despite harmful consequences. Prescription drug abuse affects all ages, including teens. The most commonly misused drugs are opioid painkillers, anti-anxiety medicines and sedatives, and stimulants. Early recognition and intervention can prevent misuse from progressing to addiction. Commonly misused prescription drugs Opioids (e.g., oxycodone, hydrocodone) Anti-anxiety medicines and sedatives (e.g., alprazolam, diazepam, zolpidem) Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamines) Signs and symptoms Opioids: constipation, nausea, drowsiness, slowed breathing, confusion, poor coordination, increased tolerance Sedatives: drowsiness, slurred speech, poor memory, unsteady walking, slowed breathing Stimulants: agitation, insomnia, high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, anxiety, paranoia Other warning signs: taking higher doses than prescribed, early refill requests, “losing” prescriptions, mood swings, poor decisions, seeking prescriptions from multiple doctors. When to see a doctor If you’re concerned about your prescription drug use, talk to a healthcare professional early. They are trained to help, not judge. Causes and risk factors People may misuse prescription drugs to relieve pain or stress, improve performance, feel high, or avoid withdrawal. Risk factors include a personal or family history of addiction, mental health conditions, peer pressure, easy access to medications, and lack of awareness of risks. Older adults are also at risk, especially when mixing medicines with alcohol. Complications Prescription drug abuse can lead to overdose, coma or death; heart problems; seizures; addiction; accidents; legal trouble; and relationship or work problems. Prevention Take medicines only as prescribed and follow directions carefully. Check in regularly with your healthcare provider. Never use someone else’s prescription. Avoid mixing medicines with alcohol unless approved. Store medications securely and dispose of unused drugs properly. For teens: talk openly about risks, set clear rules, monitor medications at home, discourage online drug purchases, and stress the dangers of mixing drugs with alcohol.

What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)? Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of blood cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. In a healthy body, blood stem cells mature into red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells (lymphocytes) that help fight infection. In CLL, too many blood stem cells develop into abnormal lymphocytes, also called leukemia cells. These cells do not function properly and cannot fight infections effectively. As they accumulate in the bone marrow and bloodstream, they crowd out healthy blood cells. This can lead to anemia, increased risk of infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. CLL is considered a chronic leukemia, meaning it usually progresses slowly over time. Risk Factors for CLL The main risk factors associated with CLL include: Family history of CLL Family history of cancers of the lymphatic system Age over 70 Male sex White ethnicity Exposure to Agent Orange CLL does not appear to be linked to diet, infections, or smoking. Symptoms of CLL CLL often develops silently. Many people have the disease for years without symptoms and are diagnosed incidentally during routine blood tests for unrelated conditions. When symptoms do appear, they may include: Fatigue and weakness Enlarged lymph nodes (felt as painless lumps under the skin) Abdominal discomfort or a feeling of fullness due to an enlarged spleen Unexplained weight loss Night sweats Frequent or severe infections Types of CLL There are two main biological forms of CLL: Slow-growing (indolent) CLL, which may not require treatment for many years Faster-growing (aggressive) CLL, which progresses more rapidly and requires earlier treatment The difference between these types cannot be determined by symptoms alone. Specialized laboratory and genetic testing are required to identify the form of CLL and guide treatment decisions.