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Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs when the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood. As wastes and fluids build up, the body’s chemical balance can become dangerously disrupted. AKI was previously called acute kidney failure and is most common in hospitalized patients, especially those in intensive care. AKI can range from mild to severe. In serious or untreated cases, it can be life-threatening. However, when identified early and managed properly, AKI is often reversible, and many people—especially those who were previously healthy—can recover normal or near-normal kidney function. Symptoms AKI may cause: Reduced urine output Fluid buildup leading to swelling of legs, ankles or feet, and shortness of breath Fatigue and weakness Confusion or mental fog Nausea or loss of appetite Pain in the abdomen or side below the ribs Irregular heartbeat Itching Chest pain or pressure Seizures or coma in severe cases Sometimes AKI causes no noticeable symptoms and is discovered through routine blood tests. When to see a doctor Seek medical attention immediately if you have symptoms suggestive of acute kidney injury. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent serious complications.

What Is a Haemorrhagic Stroke? A haemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue. The leaked blood increases pressure inside the skull and reduces normal blood flow, which damages brain cells and disrupts brain function. Although haemorrhagic strokes are less common than ischaemic strokes, they are generally more severe and life-threatening. A classic warning sign is a sudden, intense headache, often described as “the worst headache of my life.” Types of Haemorrhagic Stroke 1. Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH) The most common type of haemorrhagic stroke Occurs when a blood vessel ruptures directly within the brain tissue Most often caused by long-standing high blood pressure 2. Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (SAH) Bleeding occurs in the space between the brain and the thin membranes covering it Commonly caused by a ruptured brain aneurysm Often presents with a sudden “thunderclap” headache Symptoms of a Haemorrhagic Stroke Symptoms depend on the location and size of the bleed, but commonly include: Sudden severe headache Nausea and vomiting Sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm, or leg (usually on one side) Difficulty speaking or understanding speech Vision problems Loss of balance or coordination Confusion or altered consciousness Seizures Loss of consciousness or coma 🚨 This is a medical emergency. Immediate treatment saves lives and brain tissue. Causes of a Haemorrhagic Stroke Several conditions can weaken blood vessels and cause rupture: High blood pressure (hypertension) – the most common cause Brain aneurysms – balloon-like vessel bulges that can burst Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) – abnormal vessel tangles Head injury or trauma Blood-thinning medications Liver disease, affecting blood clotting Cerebral amyloid angiopathy – amyloid protein buildup in vessel walls Complications of a Haemorrhagic Stroke Haemorrhagic strokes can lead to serious and often life-threatening complications: Brain swelling (cerebral oedema) → increased intracranial pressure Hydrocephalus – fluid buildup in brain ventricles Vasospasm – narrowing of blood vessels causing further brain injury Re-bleeding, especially in the first days Permanent neurological damage Death, particularly without rapid treatment How Can a Haemorrhagic Stroke Be Prevented? While not all haemorrhagic strokes can be prevented, risk can be significantly reduced by: Strict blood pressure control Quitting smoking Limiting alcohol intake Eating a healthy, balanced diet Regular physical activity Managing conditions like diabetes and high cholesterol Following medical advice when taking blood thinners