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Medulloblastoma (muh-DUL-oh-blas-TOE-muh) is a malignant (cancerous) brain tumor that begins in the cerebellum, the lower back part of the brain responsible for balance, coordination and movement. Medulloblastoma starts as a fast-growing mass of abnormal cells. These cells can spread within the brain and spinal cord through the fluid that surrounds them, called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Unlike many other cancers, medulloblastoma rarely spreads outside the brain and spinal cord. Although medulloblastoma can occur at any age, it is most common in young children. It is rare overall, but it is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. The risk is higher in families with certain inherited cancer-predisposition syndromes, such as Gorlin syndrome or Turcot syndrome. Symptoms Symptoms usually develop as the tumor grows or increases pressure inside the brain. Common signs and symptoms include: Headaches, often worse in the morning Nausea and vomiting Dizziness Double vision Poor coordination or clumsiness Unsteady walking Tiredness or weakness When to see a doctor Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you or your child has symptoms that are persistent, worsening, or concerning. Causes The exact cause of medulloblastoma is not fully understood. Medulloblastoma develops when brain cells acquire changes in their DNA. DNA contains instructions that control how cells grow, divide and die. In healthy cells, these processes are tightly regulated. In cancer cells, DNA changes cause the cells to multiply rapidly and avoid normal cell death. As these abnormal cells accumulate, they form a tumor that can press on nearby brain structures, invade healthy tissue, and spread through the cerebrospinal fluid to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. Risk Factors Factors that may increase the risk of medulloblastoma include: Young age – most cases occur in children Inherited genetic syndromes that increase cancer risk, including: Fanconi anemia Gorlin syndrome Li-Fraumeni syndrome Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome Turcot syndrome Key Points to Know Medulloblastoma is aggressive but highly treatable, especially when diagnosed early Treatment often involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy Outcomes have improved significantly due to advances in pediatric neuro-oncology Early diagnosis, specialized care and long-term follow-up are essential for the best possible outcomes.

What Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)? Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of blood cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. In a healthy body, blood stem cells mature into red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells (lymphocytes) that help fight infection. In CLL, too many blood stem cells develop into abnormal lymphocytes, also called leukemia cells. These cells do not function properly and cannot fight infections effectively. As they accumulate in the bone marrow and bloodstream, they crowd out healthy blood cells. This can lead to anemia, increased risk of infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. CLL is considered a chronic leukemia, meaning it usually progresses slowly over time. Risk Factors for CLL The main risk factors associated with CLL include: Family history of CLL Family history of cancers of the lymphatic system Age over 70 Male sex White ethnicity Exposure to Agent Orange CLL does not appear to be linked to diet, infections, or smoking. Symptoms of CLL CLL often develops silently. Many people have the disease for years without symptoms and are diagnosed incidentally during routine blood tests for unrelated conditions. When symptoms do appear, they may include: Fatigue and weakness Enlarged lymph nodes (felt as painless lumps under the skin) Abdominal discomfort or a feeling of fullness due to an enlarged spleen Unexplained weight loss Night sweats Frequent or severe infections Types of CLL There are two main biological forms of CLL: Slow-growing (indolent) CLL, which may not require treatment for many years Faster-growing (aggressive) CLL, which progresses more rapidly and requires earlier treatment The difference between these types cannot be determined by symptoms alone. Specialized laboratory and genetic testing are required to identify the form of CLL and guide treatment decisions.